虛擬人種志,人種志研究方法案例

1、什么是“人種志／實(shí)驗(yàn) ”？

   人種志(ethnography) 田野研究的一種方法，主要從人類學(xué)發(fā)展而來(lái)，指的是研究者努力深入某個(gè)特殊群體的文化之中，“從內(nèi)部”提供有關(guān)意義體系與行為習(xí)慣的報(bào)告。這種方法凸顯了研究者不得不縮短的文化距離，如果他們欲使被研究的群落或群體容易讓人理解的話。人種志學(xué)者廣泛搜集用來(lái)描繪一個(gè)社會(huì)群體之狀貌的素材，“在一段相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期里介人人們的日常生活，觀察發(fā)生的事情，傾聽(tīng)人們所說(shuō)的一切，詢問(wèn)各種問(wèn)題”(Hammers lev and Atkinn)。這么做的時(shí)候，人種志特別診視語(yǔ)言的共同性——以至于這種方法也同交談分析連在一起。人種志一般與人類學(xué)或社會(huì)學(xué)的分支相連，特別典型的例子就是主張符互動(dòng)論的芝加哥學(xué)派，盡管如此，我們還是應(yīng)該注意它與心理學(xué)里參與式觀察的重疊。訓(xùn)練有素的人種志研究者旨在理解各種團(tuán)體與群落之內(nèi)的文化價(jià)值觀，這些內(nèi)容對(duì)涉及其間的人們來(lái)說(shuō)具有必不可少的意義。將這種觀察所得加以詳細(xì)記述就可獲得深一層的交流，因?yàn)槿朔N志的著述會(huì)以獨(dú)特的方式提供原味的引語(yǔ)、生活的歷史與個(gè)案的研究：這些出版物常常對(duì)各種各樣的讀者都是可用的，因?yàn)槠渥髡咦⒅貙?duì)實(shí)際發(fā)生的事件進(jìn)行如實(shí)的、詳盡的描述。

人種志研究的典型包括Beynon()對(duì)南威爾士中學(xué)班級(jí)的研究，Barbera—Stein()對(duì)照料學(xué)齡前兒童的日托中心的研究，Saunders與Turner()對(duì)賭場(chǎng)(betting offices)的觀察。不管研究的目的究竟何在，其職責(zé)都在于進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，獲得對(duì)那些被定義為共享特定文化價(jià)值觀的群體所做的定性分析。盡管這種方法得到許多支持，對(duì)于那種沒(méi)有什么成效的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究方法，或是膚淺的、定量的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查方法來(lái)說(shuō)，它是一種替代性的選擇，但是，我們應(yīng)該注意人種志里隱含的潛在含意——“外部存在一個(gè)真實(shí)的世界”，而它有別于社會(huì)研究者的學(xué)術(shù)框架。其實(shí)，人種志的著述有時(shí)反映的是研究者對(duì)種族身份的尋，而不是對(duì)種族價(jià)值觀的闡釋。

雖然這種方法在具體闡明理論與引發(fā)實(shí)際的研究工作兩個(gè)方面都有許多優(yōu)勢(shì)，但某些批評(píng)還是應(yīng)該留意。觀察可以是公開(kāi)的或隱蔽的——后者意味著研究者對(duì)觀察群體進(jìn)行滲透的程度，以及對(duì)某些方面可能歪曲或傷害群體成員的信息進(jìn)行公開(kāi)的可能性。與這種道德問(wèn)題相伴的，還有研究者為取得支持其預(yù)設(shè)假說(shuō)或理論的證據(jù)而對(duì)各種文化的“劫”——定性材料是那么容易被操縱，又是那么容易得到選擇性的刪節(jié)。但是，即使假定研究者為人正派為學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，也還確實(shí)存在這樣一種真實(shí)的可能性，即人種志研究者提供的是關(guān)于群體如何行事與如何感知其世界的一種功能性的敘述，沒(méi)有包括關(guān)于該群體在某種社會(huì)等級(jí)里的經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治關(guān)系方面更具結(jié)構(gòu)意味的視角?；旧希朔N志研究里可能有大量的描述性內(nèi)容，而缺少解釋或理論建構(gòu)。

另一層顧慮針對(duì)的是，研究者難于真正達(dá)到對(duì)另外群體的觀念與／或語(yǔ)言的理解——特別是當(dāng)諸如階級(jí)這樣的屏障存在之時(shí)(注意中產(chǎn)階級(jí)幾乎不大可能成為人種志研究的考察對(duì)象)。最后，即使研究者與被研究群體達(dá)到融合的程度，我們還是應(yīng)該問(wèn)一下，當(dāng)研究者完成項(xiàng)目而又去進(jìn)行新的研究時(shí)，那些被留在其身后的人們又怎么著呢?

實(shí)驗(yàn)(expriment) 一種按科學(xué)程序進(jìn)行控制的狀態(tài)或過(guò)程，其間，經(jīng)過(guò)選擇的變量被孤立，然后進(jìn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)觀察式的詳細(xì)研究，以便驗(yàn)證某種假設(shè)。比如，一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)驗(yàn)證某個(gè)廣告有效程度的實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目，可能將受眾是否選擇廣告所說(shuō)的產(chǎn)品作為因變量(dependent variable)。因變量會(huì)受到諸如產(chǎn)品包裝的顏色與質(zhì)量、接受實(shí)驗(yàn)的是男性還是女性等自變量(independent variable)的影響。這一系列操縱每個(gè)變量(或變量合成)而排除其他變量(與其他變量合成)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，被精心設(shè)計(jì)以確認(rèn)究竟廣告里的哪些構(gòu)成因素在說(shuō)服購(gòu)買者方面最有效果。

體現(xiàn)于實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施中的偏誤，以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的解釋等問(wèn)題，不斷受到人們的著重強(qiáng)調(diào)(比如，參閱榮格)。實(shí)驗(yàn)室常常作為人為的設(shè)置而用于實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程，雖然并非總是如此。這是因?yàn)樵谧匀画h(huán)境下變量總是不能得到控制，而在真實(shí)的“外部”世界內(nèi)也不能觀察這種控制的效果。這里的問(wèn)題在于實(shí)驗(yàn)所設(shè)計(jì)的是一種高度人為化的狀態(tài)，它有利于獲得自信的推斷而排除與非實(shí)驗(yàn)室情景的沖突。因此，實(shí)驗(yàn)就面臨兩個(gè)需要考慮的主要事項(xiàng)第一，實(shí)驗(yàn)室的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌虼怼罢嬲纳睢杯h(huán)境到什么程度。第二，實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本能夠代表全部人口到什么程度。這兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)提出了一個(gè)普遍的問(wèn)題，即在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里用觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)法而產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)是否具有可靠性與普遍性。

實(shí)驗(yàn)性的研究方法在效果研究的傳統(tǒng)里比較通行，它與傳播學(xué)里皮下注射模式的研究關(guān)系密切。一個(gè)典型的研究方案，會(huì)涉及一種控制的狀態(tài)與一種實(shí)驗(yàn)的狀態(tài)。就像讓實(shí)驗(yàn)組接觸“異常”狀態(tài)，而由控制組以“正常”的事態(tài)提供某些平行比較的內(nèi)容。受到觀察的行為模式所顯示的任何差異，據(jù)稱都可歸于實(shí)驗(yàn)的控制問(wèn)題。比如，我們可能對(duì)電視上的暴力內(nèi)容影響兒童的問(wèn)題感興趣。我們的研究就不得不盡力把觀看非暴力節(jié)目，同觀看暴力節(jié)目與從不觀看任何電視節(jié)目的不同效果區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。于是，就有下列三組人員會(huì)得到詳細(xì)考察：

A組：觀看暴力節(jié)目

B組：觀看非暴力節(jié)目

C組：從不看電視節(jié)目

C組構(gòu)成一個(gè)控制組，因?yàn)樗淖饔檬亲鳛橐粋€(gè)基準(zhǔn)，我們可以以此來(lái)檢測(cè)觀看電視的效果，不管節(jié)目的內(nèi)容是什么。這些小組里的所有兒童都按照某種方式接受檢測(cè)——在觀看節(jié)目之前與之后(A組與B組)，或者某些其他行為(C組)。然后將他們的不同表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。不過(guò)，人們難于控制所有在研究這種傳播活動(dòng)時(shí)可能起作用的干擾性變量。比如，僅僅是處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室的條件下，作為某些人為狀態(tài)的受騙者，控制對(duì)象的行為就可能輕易受到影響。對(duì)那種有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)里包含控制組一類的經(jīng)驗(yàn)論與客觀性的主張保持批判性頗為重要。

2、什么是rapid ethnographic research methods

   快速人種志研究方法

民族志研究普遍上又被稱為「人種志研究」

rapid

a.

1. 快的,迅速的;動(dòng)作快的

He had a rapid recovery from his illness.

他迅速恢復(fù)了健康。

2. 陡的,險(xiǎn)峻的

The old man had difficulty climbing the rapid ascent.

這位老人攀登這條陡峭的上坡路有困難。

n.

1. 急流;急湍[P][G]

The canoeist succeeded in going over the rapids.

操獨(dú)木舟者成功地渡過(guò)了激流。

2. 城市高速鐵路(客車)[C]

ethnographic

人種志的

Introduction

The Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedures (REAP) of the Civil War Defenses of Washington (al known as the Fort Circle Parks) and Anacostia Park in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area were designed to assist the National Park Service in preparing management plans. The study builds on the National Park Service'smitment to collaborate withmunities in the vicinity of its park units, and to use applied ethnographic research to learn of cultural issues and other local concerns. The study had two overarching goals: to identify and document cultural meanings and traditions people attach to the parks, and to licit concerns and suggestions for change from park neighbors and visitors. Researchers were to report these concerns without acting as their advocates.

Method

The study was carried out from December to March . The research questions focused on historical and contemporary links between parks andmunities, categories of park users and nonusers, the reurces visitors used, the meanings and values they attached to those reurces, their relations with the National Park Service (NPS), and the changes they would like to see. The research questions were answered using Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedures, modified to account for the winter research sean and for the diversity of parks in size, location, and function.

快速圖解調(diào)查法

再看看別人怎么說(shuō)的。

3、人種志是1種多元文化視角下的研究方法是不是正確

   算是正確地 查看原帖>>

應(yīng)當(dāng)不正確，由于人人同等

4、research methods有哪些

   Study 1 summary

At present the introduction of foreign words has reached a new peak, while the corresponding theoretical study and standardize the work it is lagging behind. In the theoretical research efforts should be made to explore new research point of view, the introduction of new research methods, to strengthen the collection of foreign language study anize and expand job scope. at normative norms should be made clear the purpose of objects, based on the principles and the current mission. 2 Research significance

From research in English different Loanwords this small point, which will deepen the problem to various fields. Through this study, we can learn foreign words on the use of English was mainly caused by the respective country in the economic sphere, the political sphere and the impact of the cultural field. Whether or not a result of the countries to promote national economic development, cultural exchanges and historical and cultural development of the cause. 3 Research questions

A country into the vocabulary in English and the development of foreign words in English, there is sure it has aplex cultural history of the process. Thus, we have to study theseplex factors. Mainly from three aspects, one, What are the main foreign words into English in the past; two, why would these foreign words into English Medium COME; three, the vocabulary of English influence. 4 thesis of anizational structure

For foreign vocabulary in English this topic, we should first clear exposition of our problem is that we study the problems mentioned. Secondly, to lve the problem at the process of our own arguments. The third step, with strong evidence to go by the scientific arguments put forward for certification. Finally, arrive at the conclusion of the study. Easy to say, that is, by a clue: It was found that argument argument argument arguments e to the conclusion put up the full text throughout

快速人種志研究方法

民族志研究普遍上又被稱為「人種志研究」

rapid

a.

1. 快的,迅速的;動(dòng)作快的

he had a rapid recovery from his illness.

他迅速恢復(fù)了健康。

2. 陡的,險(xiǎn)峻的

the old man had difficulty climbing the rapid ascent.

這位老人攀登這條陡峭的上坡路有困難。

n.

1. 急流;急湍[p][g]

the canoeist succeeded in going over the rapids.

操獨(dú)木舟者成功地渡過(guò)了激流。

2. 城市高速鐵路(客車)[c]

ethnographic

人種志的

introduction

the rapid ethnographic assessment procedures (reap) of the civil war defenses of washington (al known as the fort circle parks) and anacostia park in the washington, dc, metropolitan area were designed to assist the national park service in preparing management plans. the study builds on the national park service'smitment to collaborate withmunities in the vicinity of its park units, and to use applied ethnographic research to learn of cultural issues and other local concerns. the study had two overarching goals: to identify and document cultural meanings and traditions people attach to the parks, and to licit concerns and suggestions for change from park neighbors and visitors. researchers were to report these concerns without acting as their advocates.

method

the study was carried out from december to march . the research questions focused on historical and contemporary links between parks andmunities, categories of park users and nonusers, the reurces visitors used, the meanings and values they attached to those reurces, their relations with the national park service (nps), and the changes they would like to see. the research questions were answered using rapid ethnographic assessment procedures, modified to account for the winter research sean and for the diversity of parks in size, location, and function.